What Are Niobium Oxide Capacitors Made Of?

Niobium oxide capacitors are made of a sintered ceramic material composed primarily of niobium oxide (Nb2O5) and small amounts of other metal oxides, such as tantalum oxide (Ta2O5) or aluminum oxide (Al2O3). The material is formed into a pellet shape and coated with a conductive layer, often made of a sputtered or evaporated metal film, which serves as one of the capacitor's electrodes. The other electrode is typically a wire lead or a conductive terminal that is attached to the pellet using a conductive adhesive or solder. The capacitor is then encapsulated in an epoxy or other protective material to provide mechanical support and prevent damage from external factors such as moisture or vibration. Niobium oxide capacitors are known for their high volumetric efficiency, low equivalent series resistance (ESR), and good stability over time and temperature.